Research Publications

 Dr. Syed Abbas Ali 

1)  A.F. Ghori., A. Waheed., M.Waqas., A.Mehmood, and S.A.Ali, Acoustic Modelling using Deep Learning for Quran recitation assistance, International Journal of Speech Technology, Springer Science-Business Media LLC. Published online, June 2022.

2)    M.A Akhtar, A.Shabbir, N. G .Haider, M. Andleeb, S. A. Ali, S. Rizvi, “Virtual Reality in Gymnasium: Stationary bike using Hall-Effect Sensor and Bluetooth BLE”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 22, No.05, pp. 585-601, May 2022.

3)    D.U.R. Khan, S. A. Ali, and H. Danish “A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods using Correlated Speech Features in the Presence of Varied Noises”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 22, No.04, pp. 535-544, April 2022.

4)    U. Iftikhar, K. Asrar, M. Waqas, and S. A. Ali, “Evaluating the performance parameters of cryptographic algorithms for IoT based devices”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. Vol. 11, No.06, pp. 7867-7874, November 2021.

5)    U. Iftikhar , K. Asrar, M. Waqas, and S. A. Ali. “Access Management Using Knowledge Based Multi Factor Authentication In Information Security”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 119-124, July 2021

6)    M. A. Ali, S. A. Ali and M.Andleeb. “Speech Feature Selection of Normal and Autistic children using Filter and Wrapper Approach”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 129-132, May 2021

7)    U. Iftikhar, K. Asrar, M. Waqas and S.A. Ali. “BOTNETs: A network Security Issue” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Vol.11, No.11, pp. 432-436, November 2020.

8)    S. Khan, S.A. Ali, M.Nadeem and R.Chawla “Augmented reality based gesture detection & object creation system using XCode & ARKit”, 3C Technologia, special issue 6. pp. 73-85, November 2020.

9)    Mahboob K, Ali S.A, and Laila U‐e. Investigating learning outcomes in engineering education with data mining. ComputAppl Eng Educ. September 2020; 1–19. Wiley Periodical LLC.

10)    S. Hina, R.Asif and S. A. Ali, “Anonymization Framework for Securing Protected Health Information in a Complex Dataset of Medical Narratives”, Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology. Vol. 39, No. 03, pp. 612-624, July 2020.

11)    S.A. Ali et al., “Aggregated model for tumor identification and 3D reconstruction of lung using CT-Scan”, 3C Technologia , special issue. pp. 159-179, April 2020.

12)    M. Andleeb, W. Hussain, S.A. Ali and D. Rehman. “Performance Evaluation of Deep Autoencoder Network for Speech Emotion Recognition” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Vol.11, No.2, pp. 606-611, February 2020.

13)    A. Samad, A. Rehman and S.A.Ali, “Performance Evaluations of Learning Classifiers of Children Emotions using feature combinations in the presence of noise”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. Vol. 9, No.06, pp. 5088-5092, December 2019.

14)    S.Khan, S.Channa, and S.A.Ali., et .al“3D Modelling for Wildlife Encyclopedia using Blender”,3C Technologia, special issue. pp. 133-146, October 2019.

15)    S. Khan, J.Sallar, and S.A.Ali., “WSN based smart advertisement in intelligent transportation system using Raspberry PI”, 3C Technologia , special issue. pp. 486-497, May 2019

16)    S. A. Ali et.al, “Cloud Based Remote Lab Platform: An Application of Internet of Things”, Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology. Vol. 37, No. 04, pp. 535-544, October 2018.

17)    M.A. Siddique, S.A. Ali and N.G. Haider, “Reduced Feature Set for Emotion Based Spoken Utterances of Normal and Special Children Using Multivariate Analysis and Decision Trees”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 3228-3233, 2018.

18)    S. Khan, S.A.Ali and J. Sallar., “Analysis of Children’s Prosodic Features Using Emotion Based Utterances in Urdu Language”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 2954-2957, 2018.

19)    S. A. Ali et.al, “Comparative Analysis of Learning Algorithms for Lung Cancer Identification”, Indian Journal of Science & Technology. Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 1-9, July 2018

20)    K. Mehboob, S.A. Ali, D. Rehman and F.Ali “A Comparative Study of Engineering Students Pedagogical Progress” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Vol.9, No.6, pp. 323-331, July 2018.

21)    A.Shabbir, H.R.Khan and S.A.Ali., “Design and Performance Analysis of Multi-tier  Heterogeneous Network through Coverage, Throughput and Energy Efficiency”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 2345-2350, December 2017

22)    S. A. Ali et.al, “Urdu Language Translator Using Deep Neural Network”, Indian Journal of Science & Technology. Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1-7, October 2017.

23)    M. Andleeb, N. G.Haider, S.Hina, and S.A.Ali “A Novel Approach for Features Extraction towards Classifying Normal and Special Children Speech Emotions in Urdu Language”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 188-195, July 2017.

24)    R. Asif, A.Merceron, S. A. Ali, and N.G.Haider, “Analyzing Undergraduate students performance using educational data mining”, Computers and Education. Vol. 113, No. 2, pp. 177-194, May 2017.

25)    M. Itrat, S. A. Ali, R. Asif, K. Khanzada and M. Rathi “Automatic Language Identification for Languages of Pakistan”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 161-169, February 2017.

26)    S. A. Ali, M. D. Noor, M. A. Javed, M. M. Aslam, O. A .Khan, and N. S. Zubair, “Salience Analysis of NEWS Corpus using Heuristic Approach in Urdu Language”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 28-36, April 2016

27)    S.A. Ali, R.Asif, M.A.Siddique and D. Rehman “Performance Evaluation of Loss Functions for Margin Based Robust Speech Recognition,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Vol.7, No.2, pp. 353-361, February 2016.

28)    F. Ali., S.A. Ali and S.F. Hasan., “Cloud Computing for Network Management in the Challenged Environment”, Sindh University Research Journal (SURJ), Vol.43, 1-A, June 2011.

29)    M. J. Affendi, and S. A. Ali, “Click through Rate Prediction for Contextual Advertisement Using Linear Regression”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. Vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 406-412, November 2016

30)    S. A. Ali, M. A. Siddique, N.G.Haider, and D. Rehman, “Evaluating the Performance of Learning Classifiers and Effect of Emotions and Spectral Features on Speech Utterances”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 406-412, October 2016

31)    A. Shabbir, H.R.Khan, S. A. Ali, and S. Rizvi, “A Stochastic Geometrical Approach for Performance Analysis of Heterogeneous Cellular Network”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 467-475, August 2016

32)    R.Asif , N.G.Haider, and S. A. Ali, “Prediction of Undergraduate Student’s Performance using Data Mining Methods”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 374-380, May 2016

33)    S.A. Ali, M. A. Siddique and D. Rehman, “A Study of the Effect of Emotions and Software on Prosodic Features on Spoken Utterances in Urdu Language”, I.J. Image, Graphics and Signal Processing. Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 46-53, April 2016.

34)    S.A. Ali, A.Jaffer, A.J. Syed and K. Khanzada “Performance Evaluation of Sigmoid loss for Functional and Geometric Margin Based MCE in Robust Speech Recognition,” International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. Vol.14, No.2, pp. 19-24, February 2016

35)    M. A. Siddique and S.A. Ali. “A Study on the Hourly Behavior of Key Performance Indicators of Global System for Mobile Communications”, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences. Vol.6, No.3, pp.169-173, March 2015.

36)    S.A. Ali, A. Khan and N. Bashir, “Analyzing the Impact of Prosodic Feature (Pitch) on Learning Classifiers for Speech Emotion Corpus”, I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science. Vol. 7, No.2, pp. 54-59, January 2015.

37)    S.A. Ali and N.G.Haider. “Margin Based Learning Framework with Geometric Margin Minimum Classification Error for Robust Speech Recognition”, International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), Volume 11, No 1, pp. 39-48, 2013.

38)    S.A. Ali., S. Zehra., et.al. “Performance Evaluation of Learning Classifiers for Speech Emotions Corpus using Combinations of Prosodic Features”, International Journal of Computer Applications 76(2):35-43, August 2013. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York, USA.

39)    S.A. Ali., et.al. “Performance Analysis of Learning Classifiers for Spoken Digit under Noisy Conditions”, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 286-289, March 2013.

40)    S.A. Ali., S. Zehra., et.al. “Development and Analysis of Speech Emotion Corpus Using Prosodic Features for Cross Linguistic”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2013.

41)    S.A. Ali, N.G. Haider and M.K. Pathan., “Margin Based Learning: A Framework for Acoustic Model Parameter Estimation”, I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, Vol. 2, No.12, pp. 26-31, November 2012.

42)    S.A. Ali, N.G. Haider and M.K. Pathan., “A taxonomy-oriented overview of noise compensation techniques for speech recognition”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 825-833, July 2012.

43)    S.A. Ali, N.G. Haider and M.K. Pathan., “A LPC-PEV Based VAD for Word Boundary Detection”, International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol. 12, No.02, pp. 14-22, April 2012.

44)    E. Khan., S. Meraj and S.A. Ali., “A Theoretical Framework for Modulation Based Adaptive Jamming Technology”, Journal of Information & Communication Technology (JICT), Vol.5, No.2, pp. 74-79, Fall 2011.

45)    Qamar R., Asif R., Kumar P., Ali S.A. (2021) Framework for Mid-Air Traffic Collision Detection Using Data Analytics. In: Kumar P., Obaid A.J., Cengiz K., Khanna A., Balas V.E. (eds) A Fusion of Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things for Emerging Cyber Systems. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, Vol 210. Springer, Cham. 

46)    A.Shabbir, H.R.Khan and S.A.Ali., “Outage Analysis of Two-tier Heterogeneous Cellular Network with Sleep Strategies”, In Proc. 7TH IEEE International Conference on Circuit, System and Simulation(ICCSS), pp. 138-141, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom. July 14-17, 2017.

47)    S.A. Ali, A. Siddiqui, T. Fatima and J. Barkat., "Comparative Analysis of Melodic Pattern Matching Techniques for Performance Evaluation of Singer", In Proc.17th IEEE International Multitopic Conference (INMIC 2014), Bahria University Karachi, Pakistan. December 08-10, 2014.

48)    S.A. Ali, B. Ashraf, A.Owais and S. Saffuddin., “Speech Recognizer for Regional Languages of Pakistan”, In Proc.1st IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Emerging Allied Technologies in Engineering (iCreate), pp. 69-73, NUST, Islamabad. April 22-24, 2014.

49)    S.A. Ali, and N.G. Haider., “Comparative Analysis of Margin Based Estimation Loss Functions for Robust Speech Recognition”, In Abstract Proc. 12th International Conference on Statistical Sciences (ISOSS), jointly organized by Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS) and Islamic Countries Society of Statistical Sciences , Karachi. March 24-26, 2014.

50)    M. A. Siddique, H. Kamal and S.A. Ali., “Securing Storage as a Service Model of Cloud Computing using Client Authentication in Virtualized Environment”, In Proc. International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), Superior University Lahore, Pakistan. March 20-21, 2014.

51)    S.A. Ali. and N.G. Haider., "Performance Evaluation of Learning Classifiers for Isolated Digit Under Adverse Conditions", In Proc. of 28th IEEE Multi–topic international symposium 2013, Karachi, Pakistan. March 20-21, 2013.

52)    S.A. Ali. and M.F. Ahmed., “Spectral Flatness Based VAD for Speech Enhancement”, In Proc. of 2nd International Research Conference on Management, Social Sciences, Economics and Computing, SZABIST, Karachi. December 14-15, 2012

53)    S.A. Ali., “Philosophy of Engineering”, Resource Person of 4th ICLS-KIBGE International Conference on SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING: INNOVATIVE, YET RESPONSIBLE!, organized by Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.(KIBGE), University of Karachi in collaboration with International Council for the Life Science (ICLS), Karachi. October 18, 2012

54)    E. Khan., S. Meraj, and S.A. Ali., "A Novel Modulation Based Solution for Adaptive Jamming Technology", In Proc. of 27th IEEE Multi–topic international symposium 2012, Karachi, Pakistan. March 14-15, 2012.

55)    S.A. Ali, N.G. Haider and M.K. Pathan., “A Novel LPC-PEV Based Algorithm for Feature Extraction”, In Proc. of Science Technology Press (STP). International Conference of Computer Application and Education Technology, pp.114-116, Beijing, China. December 3-4, 2011.

Dr. Dodo Khan

1) Khan, D., Jung, L. T., & Hashmani, M. A. (2021). Systematic literature review of challenges in blockchain scalability. Applied Sciences, 11(20), 9372. The Multidisciplinary Open Access ISI Index (Q1/Q2) Journal. Impact Factor: 2.67.


2) Khan, D., Jung, L. T., Hashmani, M. A., & Cheong, M. K. (2022). Empirical Performance Analysis of Hyperledger LTS for Small and Medium Enterprises. Sensors, 22(3), 915. The Multidisciplinary Open Access ISI Index (Q1/Q2) Journal. Impact Factor: 3.576.


3) Khan, D., Jung, L. T., & Hashmani, M. A. (2021). Proof-of-Review: A Review based Consensus Protocol for Blockchain Application. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(3). The Multidisciplinary Open Access ISI Index (Q4) Journal. Impact Factor: 1.092.


4) Moke, K. C., Low, T. J., & Khan, D. (2021). IoT Blockchain Data Veracity with Data Loss Tolerance. Applied Sciences, 11(21), 9978. The Multidisciplinary Open Access ISI Index (Q1/Q2) Journal. Impact Factor: 2.67.


5) Sharif, Z., Jung, L. T., Ayaz, M., Yahya, M., & Khan, D. (2022). Smart Home Automation by Internet-of-Things Edge Computing Platform. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(4). The Multidisciplinary Open Access ISI Index (Q4) Journal. Impact Factor: 1.092.


6) Khan, D., Jung, L. T., Hashmani, M. A., & Waqas, A. (2020, January). A Critical Review of Blockchain Consensus Model. In 2020 3rd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. (Scopus, IEEE).


8) Khan, D., Jung, L. T., & Hashmani, M. A. (2021, July). A Scalable Blockchain Consensus Model. In 2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS) (pp. 151-156). IEEE. (Scopus, IEEE).


9) Khan, D., Hashmani, M. A., Jung, L. T., & Junejo, A. Z. (2022, January). Blockchain Enabled Track-and-Trace Framework for Covid-19 Immunity Certificate. In 2022 2nd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT) (pp. 248-253). IEEE. (Scopus, IEEE).


10) Khan, D., Hashmani, M. A., Jung, L. T., & Moke, K. C., (2022, March). Blockchain Enabled Diabetic Patients’ Data Sharing And Real-Time Monitoring. 3rd International Conference on Blockchain and Internet of Things (BIoT 2022) (Volume 12, Number 06) (Scopus, IEEE).


11) Moke, K. C., Low, T. J., & Khan, D. (2022, December). Empirical Comparative Study of AODV, DSR, OLSR and ZRP Routing Protocol for IoT Blockchain. In 2022 International Conference on Digital Transformation and Intelligence (ICDI) (pp. 01-06). IEEE. (Scopus, IEEE).


12) Khan, D., Low, T. J., & Dang, V. T. B. (2022, December). Challenges and Application of Blockchain in Healthcare Systems. In 2022 International Conference on Digital Transformation and Intelligence (ICDI) (pp. 15-20). IEEE. (Scopus, IEEE).


13)A CRITICAL REVIEW ON BLOCKCHAIN FRAMEWORKS FOR DAPP, 4th International Conference on Business, Economy, Education, Engineering, Social Science, Supply Chain, Technology and Tourism 2022, 31 December 2022, Langkawi, MALAYSIA - (Scopus, IEEE) (Accepted).

Engr. Neetesh Kumar

1) Rajesh Kumar, Neetesh Kumar, Sabeen Gul, Shabhaz Wahab, Mohammad Umer, “A Web- Based Online Exam ination System for Computer Science Education” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research –(IJSER), July 2018, Volume 9, Issue7 [ISSN 2229-5518].

2) Rajesh Kumar, Hira Farman, Neetesh Kumar, Shaharyar Ahmed Abro, Alisha Farman,“ Evaluation Of Learning Management System Using Data Mining Techniques”, International Journal Of Scientific & Engineering Research –(IJSER), July 2018, Volume 9, Issue7 [ISSN 2229-5518].

Mr. Muhammad Abbas

1). Multinomial Naive Bayes Classification Model for Sentiment Analysis.
Abbas, M., Memon, K. A., Jamali, A. A., Memon, S., & Ahmed, A. (2019). Multinomial Naive Bayes classification model for sentiment analysis. | IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 19(3), 62.

2). An Improved Weighted Base Classification for Optimum Weighted Nearest Neighbor Classifiers.
Abbas M, Memon KA, Ajebesone EF, Usaid M, Bhutto ZA. An Improved Weighted Base Classification for Optimum Weighted Nearest Neighbor Classifiers. | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems., 2020; 7 (27). doi: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.163339.

3). LEACH Robust Routing Approach Applying Machine Learning.
Ali B, Mahmood T, Abbas M, Hussain M, Ullah H, Sarker A, Khan A. LEACH Robust Routing Approach Applying Machine Learning. | IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 2019 Jun;19(6):18-26.

4). The Design of Wireless Portable Electrocardiograph Monitoring System Based on ZigBee.
Memon S, Soothar KK, Memon KA, Magsi AH, Laghari AA, Abbas M, Memon Ain N. The Design of Wireless Portable Electrocardiograph Monitoring System Based on ZigBee. | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems. 2020; 7 (28). doi: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.164558.

5). A Visualization Based Analysis on Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for Optical Networks.
Memon Ain N, Memon KA, Abbas, M., Hussaini NN, Zulifqar AB, Soothar KK. A Visualization Based Analysis on Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for Optical Networks. | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems., 2020; 7 (28). DOI: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.164665.

6). Battery life Checking by Applying Pearls Message Passing.
Bhutto ZA, Hakro DN, Memon M, Memon Ain N, Memon KA, Abbas M, Hameed M, Battery life Checking by Applying Pearls Message Passing.| Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) Vol. 52 (02) 191-198 (2020).

7). Implementation of scalable and energy efficient WSN platform for IoT applications
Uqaili JA, Memon S, Hafiz MB, Dehraj D, Javed M, Hussain M, Abbas M, Implementation of scalable and energy efficient WSN platform for IoT applications. | Indian Journal of Science and Technology, VOL. 13, No. 36, pp. 3725-3737, OCT, 2020. doi: 10.17485/IJST/v13i36.1263.

8). M. High Order Dual Polarization Modulation Formats for Coherent Optical Systems.
Siddiqui, A., Memon, K. A., Mohammadani, K. H., Memon, S., Hussain, M., & Abbas, M. High Order Dual Polarization Modulation Formats for Coherent Optical Systems. | In 2021 IEEE 11th International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC) IEEE (pp. 79-82).

9).  The impact of economic indicators on an international financial diversification: a long term investment approach.
Hassan Mari, Arifa Bano Talpur, Abbas M & Muhammad Adil Keerio (2022). The impact of economic indicators on an international financial diversification: a long term investment approach. | Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, DOI: 10.1080/16081625.2022.2030772.

Engr. Anees Ahmed

1) M Abbas, KA Memon, AA Jamali, S Memon, Anees Ahmed “Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classification Model for Sentiment Analysis "IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.19 No.3, March 2019.

2) Ahmed Anees, Wang Tian Tian, Memon Jamil Ahmed, Abbas Muhammad" Code Assessment of student java program using static approach" Asian Journal of Engineering, Sciences & Technology . Sep2018, Vol. 8 Issue 2, p1-8. 8p.

Engr. Abdul Hafeez  

1) Mahoto, N. A., & Babar, A. H. (2019). Developing an Effective Classification Model for Medical Data Analysis. In Advanced Classification Techniques for Healthcare Analysis (pp. 1-17). IGI Global.
2) Babar, A. H., & Mahoto, N. A. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Classification Models for Healthcare Data Analysis. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology (IJCIT), 7(4), 170-175.
3) Mahoto, N. A., Brohi, N. A., & Babar, A. H. (2018, November). Developing an Effective Predictive Model for Clinical Dataset. In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube) (pp. 1-5).
4) Lolai, A., Wang, X., Hawbani, A., Dharejo, F. A., Qureshi, T., Farooq, M. U., ... & Babar, A. H. (2022). Reinforcement learning based on routing with infrastructure nodes for data dissemination in vehicular networks (RRIN). Wireless Networks, 1-16.
5) LW-Net- A Novel Lightweight End-to-End Network for Single Image Dehazing. (Under 

Mr. Talha Memon

1) Neoliberalizing Subjects through Global ELT Programs.
Shah, W.A., Pardesi, H.Y. and Memon, T. (2023), Neoliberalizing Subjects through Global ELT Programs. | TESOL Quarterly (TQ) Journal, https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3242.

2) Computer-Assisted Language Learning: A Study of EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
Memon, T., Shah, S.W.A & Memon., S (2020). Computer-Assisted Language Learning: A Study of EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice. Vol.11, No.30, 2020..

3) Are we equal citizens?’: A CDA of language textbooks and minority faith learners’ insights in Pakistan.
Lashari, A; Shah, W. A.; Memon, T ‘Are we equal citizens?’: A CDA of language textbooks and minority faith learners’ insights in Pakistan, Asia Pacific Journal of Education (Under review)